Betygsystem: relativt eller målrelaterat?

Övergången till ett målrelaterat betygsystem sammanföll med ett nytt problem. En betydande del (man talar nu om ca 10%) av eleverna saknar behörighet till nationella gymnasieprogram – för att inte kommer upp till betyget godkänt i åtminstone de ämnen som utpekats som de viktigaste (av någon anledning är detta svenska, matematik och engelska).

Ett exempel: den högintressanta boken Slaget om den likvärdiga skolan. I ett av sina bidrag skriver Sten Svensson, f d chefredaktör av Lärarnas tidning (utgiven av det TCO-anslutna Lärarförbundet) att det är det nya betygsystemets fel att så många elever inte klarar behörighetskraven. Underförstått: hade vi haft relativa betyg, som förr, så hade vi sluppit problemet.

Som gammal högstadielärare har jag själv upplevt detta system. Jag har satt hundratals relativa betyg under de 19 år jag undervisat i olika skolor. Relativa betyg skulle följa normalfördelningen . Något godtyckligt har man satt betygsgränserna så att ca. 7% skulle ha ettor, ca 24% tvåor, ca 7% femmor och 24% fyror. Resten, ca 38% skulle ha betyget tre. Således fick man en trea om man låg kring medel på proven, och de andra betygen om man avvek från medel. Det var alltså meningen att de ca 31% som låg betydligt under medel skulle ha betygen tvåa och etta. Nu var det så att intagningen till gymnasiet gick dels efter betygen, dels efter söktrycket. Vilket ledde till att under 1980talet (gäller Malmö, där jag undervisade då) kom man in på t ex frisörlinjen bara om man hade 4,5 i snitt. På naturvetenskaplig linje kunde man dock komma in om man hade så lite som trea i snitt.  På fordonsteknisk linje blev man antagen med ett snitt under två.

Detta betydde att ingen blev utan. Bara att vissa landade på utbildningar som de inte ville gå eller inte hade förutsättningar att klara av.

Numera finns det mål som eleverna ska klara för att bli bilmekare, undersköterskor eller byggare. De som har studieresultat motsvarande de relativa betygen etta och två kommer inte in. Man skulle också kunna säga att dessa elevers studier är resultatlösa. Har de inte varit det innan? För att få en etta räckte det att man bevistade lektioner och skrev proven. Jag minnas elever som lämnade blankt eller som gav 100% fel svar. Det räckte alltså för en behörighet till motsvarigheten av nationella program.

Nu frågar jag: på vilket sätt var detta bättre? På vilket sätt är det sämre med ett system som klart visar bristen på resultat? Kanske så här: inget har förändrats i skolan och den klarar inte att få eleverna att prestera. Eller: målen är fel satta. Eller: lärarna utbildas inte i att tolka målen rätt och nå dem. Eller: skolorna har bristande resurser. Eller: ……??? Men en återgång till relativa betyg är ingen lösning.

Warsaw – Warszawa, 25 – 27 October 2013

The town where I was born has grown (I do not know if it has grown up). It has a skyline now.

The first addition was made 1955 and it was the Joseph Stalin Palace of Culture and Science. This was the official style of SOCIALIST REALISM. National in form and socialist in content. The national form must be some of its parts resemble a city hall in some small Polish town, some a 15^th century city house  ; and I am inclined to see a similarity of some details to details in the Kraków cloth hall .

This would be the national form. But what is the socialist content??? A pint of Paulaner to anybody who explains this to me.

The entire structure is rather weird, and I have long been thinking of it as a monstrosity, but now I think it is not without some sort of a crazy charm.

  











 But together with the new additions it really has acquired a new character. When I look at these pictures I wonder what is better – or maybe this is how it should be? The city is alive at last, growing spontaneously.

 The entirely new structures are the landmarks of the new capitalist Poland. They are something in form and something in content. What exactly can be a matter of discussion over a drink.

The picture below was taken in a place where the state censorship office used to be back before 1989. The text says "Square of the free word". Cute.

The architecture is 1960s, an attempt to fit in with the 19th century buildings characteristic of this part of Warsaw. So, no socialist realism here.

China – people

Our first days in China coincided with the National Holidays, the anniversary of the proclamation of the People’s Republic of China. This is an occasion for travel for many Chinese. Immense throngs of people were flooding the Forbidden City and other sites of interest. It was barely possible to move in the crowd. Worst was the Summer Palace (Beijing). The paths of the beautiful park were completely clogged; people were climbing the rocks to bypass the queues. On such an occasion Kristina fell and scratched her knee. There was a little blood and immediately a Chinese family rushed to the rescue, producing a Band-Aid and offering help in general. This was some contrast to what we perceived as rather inconsiderate pushing and jostling we were subjected to during the whole day.

We went to see a hutong in the vicinity of the Beihai park.

One of the houses was opened to the public (for a hefty fee). The guide was a woman about the age of our daughters, who immediately grabbed us, questioned about our country, asked for advice about English pronunciation (little did she know what she’s in for!) and then recited the information about the house.

But the highlight came during the three Gorges trip on the Yangtze. We took a “basic” boat, which meant that there were ordinary Chinese. Some of them were partying on deck. One woman played a sort of lute, very beautifully, others sang and danced. We were immediately invited.

And at night there was the same group of people, who invited us again. The singing was intensive now, aided by beer and rice wine. I drank a Bruderschaft with two gentlemen, and a third intoned something I at once recognized as pacцвeтaли яблoни и гpyши…  only in Chinese, whereupon I could not help but continued “выхoдила, песню зaвoдила…” and so on. I continued with Härjarevisan (Gärdebylåten) but it was not such a success. 

This went on and on – the first prize in singing went to the Chinese. Such meetings make going to another country meaningful for me.

And I was thinking of the German saying “böse Menschen haben keine Lieder” (Evil men have no songs). But I don’t know what they were singing; maybe something that belied the German saying? I am thinking of the Red Guards (of the Cultural revolution) who were singing too, and then I thought of the scenes in Farewell my concubine and recalled the fate of the playwright Lao She, who drowned himself after having been manhandled and humiliated by the Red Guards. 

Now to something rather different: I was thinking about the contrast between the cordial, warm atmosphere on the boat, the helpful family in the Summer Palace (and our guide) on one hand – and the jostling, inconsiderate crowds on the other hand. In a way, this fits the ideas of Ferdinand Tönnies about the big, organised and non-personal official world represented by - for instance - the state with its laws and the small world of a community (the village, the family, school pals etc.) with informal rules of behaviour, often settled in face to face contact. People behave differently in such settings, not only the Chinese. But here the contrast was really very marked. Well, reader, you maybe can help me with this?